Method of and apparatus for analyzing gases and vapors absorbed in materials



Oct. 21, 1947. c, LANGFORD r 2,429,555 mz-rnon AND APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING GAS AND. VAPORS ABSORBED IN MATERIALS Filed Aug. 8, 1942 s Sheets-Sheet 1 INV 62617 771.0 flaw/0'14. Ma

- I Her an 7." 5%/? llar lbson Oct. 21, 1947. c. "r. LANGFORD ErAL I 2,429,555

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING GAS AND VAPORS ABSORBED In MATERIALS Filed Aug. 8, 1942 v s Sheets-Sheet 2 Oct. 21, 1 947. c. 'r. LANGFORD ETAL 2,429,555

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ANALYZING GAS AND VAPORS ABSORBED IN MATERIALS Filed Aug. 8, 1942 s Sheets-Sheet :s'

INVENTORS. 626/] 72' Langfar'a flay/d h. Make /(ar Herberf/ifiay 50/? EPatented Oct. 21, 1947 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR ANALYZ- lNG GASES VAPORS ABSORBED IN MATERIALS Cecil '1. Langford, Peoria, 111., David ll. McKellar, Rosita, Mexico, and Herbert '1. Davidson,

Ponca City, Okla.

Application August 8, 1942, Serial No. 454,110

1 14 Claims.

Our invention relates to a method of and'an apparatus for removing gases and liquids from materials and analyzing the same.

Liquids and vapors from deeply buried petroleum deposits seep slowly upward through'the tectonic structures overlying the deposit to the ground surface and are adsorbed in the soil. It is generally accepted that the presence and location of the petroleum deposit may be determined by analyzing samples of the soil for traces of hydrocarbons. However, since the hydrocarbons are usually present in parts per million or even parts per billion, the task of analyzing the samples is a very difflcult one. Attempts are constantly being made to increase the sensitiveness of the analytical methods and apparatus.

When drilling a well it is desirable to keep a logging chart by analyzing cuttings of earth brought up with the drilling mud. If the analyses are made regularly it is possible to locate and determine the nature and probable productivity of any oil or gas formation through which the well is drilled.

Also, if the relative amount and kind of 'hydrocarbons in the cuttings can be'accurately determined, it is possible to tell in advance when the drill is approaching an oil sand.

Also, increasing amounts of gas in the cuttings give warning that the drill is approaching a high pressure gas horizon. The drillers may then take precautions to prevent a blowout."

It is, therefore, an important object of our invention to provide a novel and improved method and apparatus for analyzing substances for minute traces of hydrocarbons.

Although our invention is particularly adapted for use in determining the presence and location of petroleum deposits and to aid in the logging of oil wells, it operates satisfactorily in other capacities where it is desirable to test for other materials.

For instance, our method and apparatus may be used to determine the presence of water in petroleum products such as fuels, lubricants and waxes; to determine the presence of sulfur in lighter petroleum products; to determine the presence of butane and higher molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions in gases; to determine the presence and quantity of propane and lighter molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions in gasoline or to determine the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons in petroleum products.

In addition to the above, the method and apparatus may be used in still other capacities. For instance, the apparatus may be used in the measand measurement of rare gases in petroleum, soil,

or mine gases; in the detection and measurement of poisonous gases or vapors in the atmosphere of factories or places where poisonous gases may be introduced into the atmosphere; in the detection of combustible or explosive substances in the air; in the analysis of exhaust gases and vapors from internal combustion engines to determine the efllciency of the fuel combustion; in

determining the presence of corrosive gases in the fuel mixture, admitted to the carburetor of an internal combustion engine; in the indirect detection of substances in a sample by measuring the gases or vapors given off by the sample, either directly or during chemical reaction with other substances; in the analysis of'chemicals, drugs and foods for traces of'objectionable substances which are converted into gaseous form by physical or chemical means; in the measurement of vapor pressures of pure solids, solid mixtures, or other substances; or in measuring the adsorption of gases on solids.

Other and further objects are contemplated and will be apparent during the course of the following description.

In the accompanying drawings forming a part of this specification and wherein like numerals are employed to designate like parts throughout the same,

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the portion of the apparatus used in desorbing and collecting gases from a solid sample,

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic view of the portion of the apparatus used in purifying the collected gases,

Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view of that portion of the apparatus used to measure the gases and to record the results,

Fig. 4 is an enlarged vertical sectional view of a fractionating trap forming a part of the apparatus shown in Fig. 3,

Fig. 5 is an enlarged vertical sectional view of a gauge for measuring the gaseous fractions vaporized in the trap shown in Fig. 4, and

Fig. 6 is a diagrammatic view of anelectrical circuit forming a part of the recording apparatus.

In general the preferred embodiment of our inventioncontemplatesgasesandliquids from a sample containing passing thegasesandvaporsthroughaseriesof adsorband absorbing mediumsto separatethehydrocarbonfractionsinrelativelypureformand carbons and recording the quantity and characterofeach fraction.

Referring now to the drawingsand particular lytol'ig.lwhereinis'shcwnthatportionofthe apparatusadaptedtodesorbandcollectthe gases.theflask llisadaptedtocontainasam-' trolled by a switch or rheostat iIa. A thermometer l4 partially immersed in the oil bath ll permits the temperature of the bath to be accurately determined. -'We prefer that the oil bath ll consist of cottonseed oil or ly rin y eral oil is objectionable because, when heated, it gives ofl volatiles which condense in other parts of the apparatus.

When the stopcock I1 is opened, the contents of the graduated container ll flow throughtube II and the lower portion of the distilling reflux tube ll into flask ll. When stopcock I1 is closed and the sample in flask ll is heated. ases and vapors from the sample rise into the distilling reflux tube fl and are conducted into flask III by tube 2| which is controlled by stopcock 2!. Tube II is supported by a suitable brace I la and enters flask ll, through a seal II.

from heating bath II. A freezing medium in container Ila passes outwardly through a freezingcoilllbandisdischargedinto tube Ii which connectstotheintakeofpumpll. Fromthe pump the medium passes through tube II to the condenser 21. Container Ila and freezing coil Ilb are immersed in a suitable freezing bath medium Ilc such'as amixture of dryice and seetone; Tubes II and I4 conduct the cooling medium back to container Ila.

An extension of tube II enters a. container Ila which holds a heating medium. Container Ila is immersed in a heating bath medium Ilb which is heated by a heating element Ilc. A heat exchange coil Ild extends from the bottom of container Ila and connects with tube Ii. The exposed sections of coil Ild and tubes II, II and I4 are suitably insulated. Valves I5 and I1 control the flow of fluid through the freezing bath II and valves ll and Il control the flow of the fluid through the heating bath Il. When valves II and I! are open and valves I6 and II are closed, pump 32 will pump freezing fluid through condenser 21; and when valves ll and II are open and valves I5 and II are closed, the pump II will pump heating fluid through the condenser.

Dehydrated gases leave the freezing column ll and pass through tube II which connects with a spiral freezing trap ll. Air at atmospheric pressure may be let into the pipe II in advance of freezing trap ll through a tube l'i controlled by stopcock l2. Stopcocks 42, 43, and 4 permit the flow of gases from the freezing column 26 to freezing trap II or outside air through Dewar 86 flask I! to freezing trap ll. The U-shaped por- Flaskillsli) adapted to contain a potassium hydroxide solution through which the gases and vapors are bubbled to remove'carbon dioxide gases. The portion of tube 2| within flask ll is of an enlarged diameter so that it will not be obstructed by the potassium carbonate formed when the carbon dioxide gases contact the potassium hydroxide solution. The contents of flask Il may be drained through a siphon tube 24 which is normally closed by stopcock IS.

A freezing column I surmounting flask Il conducts the gases from the flask II. The freezing column 26 includes an enlarged lower portion Ila and a helical sha'ped upper portion Ilb which extend vertically through a condenser 21. Cooling fluid is introduced into the lower part of the condenser through a tube ll. Consequently, most of the water vapor in the gases leaving flask ll will freeze in the enlarged lower portion Ila of the freezing column. The convolutions of the helical upper portion Ilb consist of.a series of flat spirals: that is, the respective convolutions have a small lead so that a large number of loops or turns are provided per unit of length to obtain the maximum possible contact of the gases with the tube through which it is passing. The smaller size of the upper portion of the tube as well as the nature of the convolutions therein insures that most of the water vapor in the gases will be frozen. After all of the gases have passed through the freezing column a heating medium is passed through the condenser. Ice thus melted in the freezing column gravitates into flask ll.

A cold liquid is supplied to condenser 21 from tion of tube 4| below stopcock 42 may be immersed in liquid nitrogen to purify the incoming air.

Gases entering freezing trap ll are frozen by placing a Dewar flask ll of liquid nitrogen around the trap. When Dewar flask 46 is removed, gases in freezing trap 40 vaporize and are forced through tube 41 to the purification system shown in Fig. 2 by air introduced through tube ll. Passage of the gases through tube 41 is controlled by stopcock ll.

A branch tube ll controlled by stopcock ll connects tube 41 with theintake of pump ll. Tube I9 i formed with a U-shaped portion lla which may be immersed in liquid nitrogen contained in Dewar flask 52. Trap lla'prevents water. oil vapors and other undesirable impurities generated by pump ll from diflusing into freezing trap 40 and also prevents water and corrosive vapors in tube 41 from entering the pump. Between trap 49a and pump ll tube 49 is provided with an air inlet tube SI controlled by stopcock 54. When stopcock ll is closed and stopcock I4 is open vacuum pump 5| may be started without any load being imposed upon it. After pump ll has reached working speed the system is 'evacuated by closing stopcock 54 and opening stopcock ll.

Referring now to Fig. 2, tube 41 conducts the gases, vapors and sweeping air successively through two solutions of dichromic acid 55 and 56 contained in traps 51 and El. Tub 59 which connects with tube 41 at valve 41a extends into trap 51 through cap-Joint ll. The lower end of tube ll terminates in a porous plate near the bottom of trap 51 and below the surface of acid H. Gases and vapors entering trap 61 are bubbled through acid the perforations in the plate at the lower end of tube ll causing a flne freezing bath 2! and a warm liquid is supplied dispersion of the gases and insuring intimate contact between the'gases and acid. Unsaturated compounds and oxidizable organic vapors such as alcohols, aldehydes, cresols, etc., are removed from the e by the acid After passing through trap 51, the gases are conducted by tube BI controlled by stopcock 82 into trap 58. The perforate lower end of tube SI terminates near the bottom of trap 59 and below the surface of the acid 58. Tube 6| enters trap 58 through a sealed cap-joint 83.

After passing from the second acid bath 56 the gases traverse a tube 64 controlled by stopcock 85 and enter safety flask 86 through a sealed capjoint II. Safety flask GB prevents acid which foams over from trap 58 from passing to other parts of the system. Any acid that foams up and passes through tube 64 is collected in safety flask From safety flask 56 the gases pass through a tube 68 controlled by stopcock 69 into a saturated solution of potassium hydroxide 61. Tube 68 passes through cap-joint 12. The lower end of tube 68 terminates in a perforated plate which causes the gases to bubble through the potassium hydroxide solution in a flnely dispersed state. The potassium hydroxide solution absorbs carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide from the gases.

From trap I9 the gases pass through a tube I4 controlled by stopcock l5 and enter a safety flask 13 which catches any of the potassium hydroxide solution that may be carried over with the gases.

From the safety flask the gases are carried by a tube I8 controlled by stopcock I9 into a. trap Tl filled with solid lumps of potassium hydroxide 16. Safety flask I3 and trap 11 are provided with sealed cap-joints 89 and 8|, respectively. Trap 11 has a lateral neck 16a which is normally closed by plug 161). After joint 8| has been sealed lumps of potassium hydroxide are introduced into the trap through neck 160.. As the gases rise through the pieces of potassium hydroxide, water vapor is adsorbed and the substantially dehydrated gases passed through tube 82 controlled by stopcock 83 into the lower end of a vertical column 84,

The lower portion of column 84 is filled with glass beads and the upper portion of the column is filled with a mixture of glass beads and phosphorus pentoxide. Theglass beads are supported by a plugof glass wool 86 in the lower end of the column. As the gases rise in column 94 the last trace of water is absorbed therefrom and phosphoric acid formed flows down and accumulates in flask 81. The glass beads and phosphorus pentoxide may be introduced into the column by removing cover 84a.

The thoroughly dehydrated gases leave column 94 through tube 89 which is controlled by stopcocks 89 and 99 and enter a spiral freezing trap 91. A vDewar flask 92 filled with liquid nitrogen is moved to a position around the trap to freeze the gases. When Dewar flask. 92 is removed the gases are vaporized and passed through tube 93 controlled by stopcock 94 to an analytical freezing trap 95 shown in Fig. 3. Valves 99 and 94 may be closed to hold the vapor's in freezing trap 9| even after they have been vaporized.

Tube 96 controlled by stopcock 91 branches from tube 93 and connects with the intake of a suction pump 99. U-shaped trap 96a is normally surrounded by Dewar flask= 99 containing liquid nitrogen to prevent corrosive vapors in line 93 from entering pump 98 and to prevent oil and other gases in the pump from having access to line 93. An alrinlet tube I99 between trap 98:: and pump 98 is controlled by a stopcock Ill and permits the pump 98 to be started without a load being imposedupon it.. Thereafter, stopcock MI is closed and stopcock 91 is opened to ermit the evacuated.

The gases entering analytical freezing trap 99 comprise hydrocarbons, nitrogen and oxy en. In the freezing trap the condensable hydrocarbon fractions condense and the uncondensed nitrogen, oxygen and hydrocarbon gases pass through the trap.

The trap, shown in detail in Fig. 4, comprises a Dewar flask I92 into which the helix shaped lower end 93b of tube 93 extends. The helix 93b connects with the lower end of a substantially larger tube I93 arranged vertically within Dewar purification system to be flask I92. Pieces of twenty mesh zinc metal I94 are packed around helix 93b and tube I93. Zinc is used because of its relatively high heat capacity per unit volume at low temperatures. Liquid nitrogen may be poured into the Dewar flask I92 through funnel I95.

, When the trap is chilled to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (approximately -200 0.) all of the hydrocarbon gases condense in the helix shaped portion 93?). If the temperature of the trap is then permitted to slowly rise, .the hydrocarbon fractions will fractionally distill through tube I93. The coldest portion of the analytical freezing trap 95' is at the bottom thereof. The lowest boiling fraction will vaporize first and the other fractions will move downwardly in the trap and recondense, thus assuring substantially complete separation of the vaporized fractions.

The variable thermocouple junction I96 at the bottom of tube I93 and the reference junction in flask H3 of a copper-constantan thermocouple assembly I9'I are connected through a recording potentiometer I98 by conductors I99 and H9. This arrangement makes it possible to measure the exact-temperatures at which the gases in the analytical trap 95 vaporize and to record this temperature on the moving strip I98a of the recording potentiometer I98. The recording potentiometer I98 is a single-range, two-point recording potentiometer, of the type conventional in the art and the copper-constantan thermocouple is the conventional type comprising a glass tube III filled with transformer oil and adapted to be partially immersed in a cracked ice-water mixture H2 in Dewar flask H3 and a variable junction I96.

When it is desired to remove all gases from the analytical freezing trap 95, the switch II4a of transformer H4 is turned to the on position. A heating element II5 wrapped around the tube I93 is electrically connected to the transformer II4 by conductors H6 and Ill. Manipulation of control switch II4a permits varying amounts of current to be passed through the heating element II5.

Gases flowing out of analytical freezing trap 95 pass through tube II8 controlled by stopcock H9 to the suction side of a mercury vapor pump I29. A portion of tube II8 passes through a. water cooled condenser I2I which prevents mercury vapor from pump I29 from passing back into analytical trap 95. A water inlet tube (not shown) is connected to the nipple IZIa and a water outlet tube (not shown) is connected to the nipple I2Ib.

The gases are discharged under pressure from pump I29 into a tube I22 an enlarged view of storage battery I21.

which is shown in Fig. 5. A hot wire filament I23, disposed longitudinally within tube I22, is electrically connected to the recording instrument I08 through a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The

Wheatstone bridge circuit is shown generally by the numeral I24 in Fig. 3 and in detail In Fig. 6. As best shown in Fig. 5, the filament I23 is disposed in a vertical portion of tube I22 and immediately above the filament the tube bends to a horizontal position. The orifice I26 is mounted in the horizontal portion of the tube I22 to prevent stoppage oi the orifice by accumulation oi mercury. The small dimensions of orifice I28 cause gases in tube I22 to buildup a pressure around filament I23. The amount of pressure built up by the gases will depend upon the amount of gas in the tube and the diameter of the orifice I26. Consequently the diameter of the orifice may be varied to regulate the sensitiveness of the apparatus to a relatively small amount of gas. The filament I23 is part of the Wheatstone bridge circuit I24. As each gas fraction passes through tube I22 its presence is recorded by instrument I08. Each fraction takes" heat from filament I23 and unbalances the Wheatstone bridge circuit. This causes the recording needle I08b oi the instrument to swing to one side thus indicating graphically the presence and concentration of the fraction in tube I22.

The Wheatstone bridge circuit, shown in detail in Fig. 6, is one example of a circuit which is usable in the apparatus. It operates from a small The positive terminal of battery I21 is connected to filament I23 by conductors I28 and I29. This filament I23 has a resistance of 8.2 ohms at 26 C. In operation its temperature is approximately 250 C. and at that temperature its resistance is' 15.5 ohms. Filament I 23 is connected in series to a resistance I32 of ohms which, in turn, is connected to parallel resistances I30 and I3I. Resistance I30 is 5 ohms and resistance I3I is 250 ohms. The parallel resistances I30 and I3I are connected to the negative terminal of battery I21 through series resistances I33 and I34 by conductors I35 and I38. Resistance I33 is 5 ohms and resistance I34 is 13.5 ohms.

Conductor I29 is also connected to the slide wire rheostat I31 of the recorder I08 through a series resistance I38 of 30 ohms. Conductor I35 -is also connected to the slide wire rheostat I31 through a series resistance I39 of 32 ohms. Resistance I 40 is electrically connected to resistance I3I by an adjustable contact I M. Resistance I40 is in series with the galvanometer I42 of the recorder I08. The recorder has a resistance I43 of 20 ohms in parallel with it. In series with the galvanometer I42 is a contact I44 along which moves the slide wire rheostat I31 when the circuit is unbalanced. The recording pen I08b is operated by virtue of the relative movement of the slide wire and thecontact I44.

Gases flowing through tube I22 absorb heat from filament I23 thus causing a drop in resistance. When the resistance is reduced the Wheatstone bridge circuit is unbalanced causing the slide wire rheostat to travel with respect to contact I44 in a direction to balance the circult.

The circuit shown in Fig. 6 is particularly adaptable to this apparatus since its sensitivity can also be increased by varying the size of resistances I38 and I39. As these resistances are made larger the necessary displacement between rheostat I31 and contact I44 becomes greater in order to obtain sufllcient voltage to balance galvanometer I42. Thus by increasing resistances I38 and I38 the device may be made to record smaller amounts of gas in tube I22. The adjustable contact I may be moved along resistance III to adjust the initial position of terminal I44 on the slide wire rheostat I31.

After the gases pass through orifice I26 they are exhausted from the system by pumps I45 and I46. Freezing trap I41 is interposed in tube I48 to remove transient mercury. The freezing trap I41 communicates with the suction side of pump I48 through tube I48. Into tube I48 is connected an air inlet tube I50 having a stopcock I5I. After pump I48 is started .stopcock I5I is closed and stopcock I52 in tube I48 is opened to cut the pump into the system.

In carrying out our invention with the apparatus above described a quantity of saturated potassium hydroxide solution is poured into flask 20. At first it is desirable only to evacuate the d'esorbing and collecting portion of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 1. Before pump 5i is started stopcock 50 is closed and stopcock 54 is opened. Pump 5i may then be started without any substantial load being imposed upon it. As soon as pump 5| attains working speed, a Dewar flask of liquid nitrogen 52' is placed around trap 49a; stopcock 54 is closed and stopcock 50 is opened. Stopcocks 43, 44 and 48 were previously opened and stopcocks 22, 25, 42, and 411; were previously closed. Thus, pump 5i may now evacuate all-of the system between stopcocks 22 and 41a.

Pump 32 is next started with valves 36 and 38 closed and valves 35 and 31 open so that freezing liquid from bath 29 can be circulated through condenser 21. Freezing trap 48 is also immersed in liquid nitrogen contained in Dewar fiask 48.

A measured quantity of soil or other material having gases adsorbed on it or dissolved in it is then placed in flask I0. As soon as the sample has been placed in the flask, stopcock I1 is closed and stopcock 22 is opened. The thermostatically controlled oil bath II heated to a temperature of approximately to C. is then raised to partially submerge fiask I0. As the soil sample becomes heated, a 19 per cent solution of hydrochloric ,acid from graduated container I6 is .slowly permitted to fiow into flask III. A sufficient quantity of the acid is added to neutralize the alkalinity of the soil sample. After the soil sample has been neutralized, an additional 50 cubic centimeters of the acid is introduced into flask I0.

In all instances where the sample is a solid 1 cubic centimeter of ethylene glycol per gram of sample is also added. The ethylene glycol insures fluidity of the mixture and disintegration of any lumps that may be present.

Heating the sample causes a steam distillation." A heating period of twenty minutes is usually suflicient to drive all of the gases and vapors from the sample. The gases and vapors from the sample rise into the distilling reflux tube I9 and pass through tube 2I into flask 20 where they are bubbled through the concentrated potassium hydroxide solution. The carbon dioxide in the gases reacts with and precipitates in the potassium hydroxide as potassium carbonate. Part of the water is also removed by the potassium hydroxide solution. The rest of the water vapor is frozen-when the gases and vapors pass through freezing column 23. After passing through the freezing column, the gases are conducted by tube 39 into freezing trap 40 where the pertinent sample gases are frozen.

Stopcock 22 is then closed and stopcock I1 is opened. Pump 32 is stopped long enough to permit the freezing liquid to fiow out of con-- frozen in freezing column 26. When the frozen substances melt, they flow into the. potassium hydroxide solution in fiask'20."-j As soon as the freezing column 28 has been cleared of the frozen substances, a Bunsen burner or other source of heat is applied to flask 20 until its contents boil gently. While boiling the contents of flask 20, heating fluid is permitted to circulate through condenser 21 to prevent further condensation in the column 26. The contents of flask 20 are heated for several minutes to free final traces of gases in the solution. The gases pass on to freezing trap 40.

After the boiling has continued for a minute or two the stopcocks 44, 48, and 50 are closed, stopcock 54 is opened and pump BI is stopped. The vacuum in the system up to stopcock 44 is thenreleased by opening stopcock 22'.

Pump 32 is stopped permitting the heating fluid to drain out of condenser 21, and the Dewar flasks 46 and 52 are removed from traps 40 and 49. The gases frozen in trap 40 are then permitted to rise to room temperature.

After the gases in trap 40 are' sufllciently .warmed Dewar flask 45 is placed around trap H.

The gases in trap 40 may be swept into the evacufreezes out of the incoming air undesirable fractions, such as water and carbon dioxide.

In the purification system illustrated in Fig. 2 the hydrocarbons in the gas sample are purified by passing the sample through a system of gas washing bottles containing adsorbing or absorbing solutions or solids.

Before opening stopcock 41a, pump 98 is started and stopcock IIII is closed. Dewar flasks 92 and 99, filled with liquid nitrogen, are brought up around traps 9| and 96a, and stopcocks 82, 65, 69, I5, I9, 83, 89, 90, 94 and 91 are opened. Stopcock 93a is closed.

The gas sample from trap 40 and the sweeping air are admitted into the purification system as fast as possible without causing the solutions in the bottles to foam over. The gases and sweeping air pass first through the dichromic acid solu-' tions in traps 51 and 58 which remove unsaturated compounds as well as oxidizable compounds such as alcohol, aldehydes, cresols, etc. If the gases are admitted into the purification system too rapidly, the dichromic acid solutions foam over. However, if this should occur, the excess acid is collected in safety flask 88.

After passing through safety flask 88, the gases 10 I enter the saturated potassium hydroxide solution in trap I0. Carbon dioxide fractions and sulfur dioxide fractions are removed from the gases by the potassium hydroxide solution in trap I0.

Safety flask I3 collects any of the potassium hydroxide solution carried over by the gases. The gases next fiow through thesolid potassium hydroxide intrap'Il where water vapors and traces of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide are removed. From trap 11 the gases flow through tube 82 into the bottom of column 84. As the gases arise around the lumps of phosphorus pentoxide and glass beads, most of the remaining water is removed from the sample. We have found it necessary to intermix the beads and phosphorus pentoxideto,preventithelformation of an im- "pe'netrab'le mass. The phosphoric acid formed gravitates downwardly and accumulates in flask 81.

As previously explained, the lower portion of column 84 is entirely filled with the glass beads. The beads become wet with the phosphoric acid as it accumulates. After these beads become wet, the gases entering column 84 lose a portion of the water vapor by contact with the phosphoric acid on the glass beads, thus conserving the phosphoruspentoxide. The gases leaving column 84 comprise the hydrocarbon fractions originally present in the soilsample and gases such as oxygen that are non-condensable at the tempera ture of liquid nitrogen.

The gases leave the upper end of column 84 through tube 88 and are collected in freezing trap 9|. After the gases have been accumulated in trap 9|, stopcocks 91, 84, 80, and 41a are closed, stopcock IOI is opened and pump 98 is stopped. The Jars of liquid nitrogen 92 and 99 are then removed from traps 8| and 88a. The

gases confined in freezing trap 9I warm to room temperature but are temporarily confined between stopcocks 90 and 84.

Before releasing the gases from trap 9| the fractionating, metering and recording system illustrated in Fig. 3 is prepared by circulating cooling water through condenser I2I and-through condensers on pumps I20 and I45. Mercury yapor pumps I20, I45 and vacuumpump I48 are started. All of the valves in the fractionating, metering and recording system are opened except valve 93a. When valve I5I is closed the, system will be evacuated by pump I48 back as far as valve 33a. The mercury vapor trap I" is immersed in liquid nitrogen contained in Dewar flask I53 and junction III is immersed in a cracked ice and water mixture I I 2.

When the position of indicator I08b shows that the pressure in the system is approximately 10- or 1A00.000 of a millimeter of mercury, stopcock.

system. A pressure of precisely 10-- millimeters of mercury is not necessary but a pressure of the order of 10- to 10- millimeters of mercury is required.

When no gas is flowing through the system of Fig. 3, the pressure therein remains constant at The effect which temperature changes in filament I23 have on the circuit I24 has been hereinabove explained. The following relations ex- 'asaasss ll ist between temperature changes and the pressure within the system.

A vacuum or a space devoid of gases is a good insulator. Conversely, through the phenomenon of thermal conductivity gases are able to transfer heat either by conduction or convection from an object at an elevated temperature to another at a lower temperature. The thermal conductivity of a mixture of gases depends upon the physical and chemical nature of the gases. But the thermal conductivity of any one gas is a function of the pressure under which the gas is confined. Since the minimum pressure produced within tube I22 and around filament I22 by pumps Ill and Ill is a constant pressure, the amount of heat transferred per unit of time from filament I22 to the walls of tube I22 by means of thermal conductivity is a constant amount. Therefore. in the absence of extraneous substances in the tube I22, there is no change in the temperature of filament I23, and hence no change in its resistance. This being true, there will be no change in the balanced condition of circuit I2l'of which pen Illb is a part. As suggested, pen Illb occupies a position adjacent the left margin of chart Illaas long as nogas enters tube I22. Pen Illb thus indicates a pressure which is not necessarily densable hydrocarbon fractions of the gas solid!!! in the analytical trap ll and the non-condensable fractions such as nitrogen and oxy en W through the trap and are carried out of the system. The temperature of analytical trap ll at the junction Ill is continuously recorded by indicator Illb.

As soon as the condensable and non-condensable gases have been separated. the temperature of analytical trap ll is permitted to slowly rise to fraetionally distill the condensedhydrocarbons.

- It will be observed that the analytical trap is a known pressure, but the pressure sought in the. v

operations since it is the minimum pressure attainable by the specific pumps and therefore a constant pressure.

If it should be desired to measure the exact pressure within the system at the minimum point, or of the pressure corresponding to the position of pen Illb at any selected distance from the left margin on chart Illa, a McLeod gauge or other suitable pressure gauge may be connected in the system. After calibrating the circuit I2l and the movement of pen Illb against the absolute pressure gauge, the position of the pen may be subsequently used as an absolute pressure indioator.

Interpretation and calculation of the amounts of each gas as shown on chart Illa is efiected by reference toa calibration curve obtained by passing a known amount of any selected gas through the system, measuring the area ofits showing on the chart. and plotting this area against the amount of the gas passed through the system. This, of course, may be done without knowing the exact pressures in the tube I22.

when gas is admitted to the system it accumulates before orifice I20, Fig. 5, until it can fiow therethrough. The pressure resulting at this point is dependent upon the amount of the gas; the thermal conductivity depends on the pressure of the gas: the heat loss fromvfilament I23 to tube I22 depends upon the thermal conductivity; the heat loss from filament I22 determines its temperature the temperature of filament I23 determines its resistance and the resistance of filament I2l determines the position of pen Illb .on chart Illa. Therefore, the position of pen of the quantity of gas passing over the filament.

Analytical trap ll is now cooled to approximately -200 C. by pouring a slight excess of liquid nitrogen into Dewar flask I I2. stopcock ll is opened and stopcock II! is partially closed to prevent the gas sample from passing through analytical trap ll at too great a velocity for proper uniquely constructed so that the fractions separate in the order of their freezing points when they enter the trap. As the temperature of the trap slowly rises to the vaporizing temperature of each fraction, that fraction passes into the system through tube Ill.

The bottom of trap ll in proximity to Junction Ill is the coldest part of the trap and each fraction must pass the junction as it passes from the trap. When the temperature of the trap around junction Ill rises sufiiciently to permit the lowest boiling hydrocarbon fraction to pass into tube Ill, the higher boiling fractions in. the warmer upper regions of the trap vaporize and move down into the colder portion of the trap where they recondense. The recondensing of the higher boiling fractions obtains a more complete separation of the fractions than would otherwise be possible. The fraction passing into tube III is drawn by pump I2l rapidly into tube I22 for analysis, be-

fore the-next highest boiling fraction vaporizes.

sure enables smaller amounts of gas to conduct a measurable amount of heat from filament I23. As hereinabove explained, absorption of heat from filament I22 decreases its resistance and unbalances the Wheatstone bridge circuit I 24, thus causing recorder lllb to swing to one side and graphically record the presence of the gas fraction intube I22. The temperature at which the fraction distills from analytical trap ll is recorded through the medium of thermocouple assembly Ill.

The sensitiveness of the system is greatly enhanced by placing the booster pump I2l between analytical trap ll and orifice l2l.- The booster pump I2l not only creates a relatively high pressure around filament I22, thus increasing the amount of heat absorbed from the filament, but it also causes the gas fractions to be carried more rapidly out of the system and thus prevents the difi'erent fractions from int'ermingling. Also pump I2l maintains a constant low pressure in trap so that vaporization of any one fraction will not be retarded to a higher temperature by pressure of the preceding fraction in trap ll.

After each fraction of the sample that is significant to the analysis 'is carried through the system and a record obtained of its quantity in the system and the temperature at which it distilled, the remaining substances are expelled from analytical trap ll by operating the transformer switch Illa to heat coil III.

As clearly shown in Fig. 3 the strip Illa carries two curves. One curve designates the temperafreezing of the condensable fractions, The 99a- 1 tone of analytical trap ll at J n ti n ll- The 13 other curve indicates the passage of each fraction around filament I23.

Although in the specification, the heat absorbed from filament I23 by the individual gases being tested is reflected on the record, it is contemplated as well that the quantitative analysis may be made by observing and recording the heat given up by individual gases to the filament.

While the foregoing disclosure applies more specifically to the analysis of hydrocarbon gases, it is obvious that the method, is of use in analyzing other gases and such is contemplated in our invention. The application of our method and combination of equipment is not limited by the specific temperatures, pressures and details of apparatus construction illustrated. Many variations may be made to conform to requirements needed in analyzing other gases of different physicalchemical characteristics; such variations come within the scope of our invention.

For example we contemplate the use of:

1. Different chemicals to "strip gases from a solid or liquid sample.

2. Different reagents to remove gases other than CO2 from sample gases in flask 20.

3. Chemical methods of removing H2O from samples, instead of freezing as in column 28.

4. Different temperatures and pressures in flask III to remove gases from solids or liquids.

5. Gases other than air admitted through "-42 to sweep sample into system of Fig. 2.

6. Chemical or other means of, purification of gases entering through 4ll2 (other than freezing).

7. Admission of gaseous sample directly into purification system of Fig. 2, eliminating stripping operation.

8. Use of other chemicals in traps of Fig. 2

to achieve such purification as may be needed in any specific sample.

9. Difierent pressures and temperatures. as may be chosen to carry a gas sample through the purification system of Fig. 2.

10. Different temperature and pressure as may be most suitable for any gas sample retained in or passing through trap 95. I v

11. Use of heating or cooling means other than liquid nitrogen and electricity in order to obtain proper temperature of trap'95.

12. Recording, or not recording, temperature on I08 as may be desired for any given gas or gaseous mixture.

It may thus be seen that we have accomplished the objects of our invention. We have provided a novel, expeditious and accurate method of desorbing, purifying and recording each hydrocarof separating the gases from related materials, collecting the gases, separately releasing the respective constituents of the collected gases. passing each constituent separately through a thermal transfer zone, and determining the quantity of each constituent as it passes through the zone by bringing said constituent in heat exchange relation with a heated element and measuring the heat absorbed from the element by said constituent as an index of the quantity of each constituent of the gas passing over said element.

, 2. A method of analyzing gases in a liquid comprising the steps of extracting the gases from the liquid at elevated temperature and under reduced pressure, collecting the extracted gases in a freezing bath, purifying the gases by using an easily isolated inert gas to sweep it through selected reagents, separating the purified gas into separate constituents in the order of their boiling points, passing each constituent separately through a thermal transfer zone wherein it is brought in heat exchange relation witha heat responsive recording means, and measuring the heat exchange between the constituents and the recording means as an indexof the quantity of the constituents passed through the said zone.

3. A method of analyzing gaseous hydrocarbon materials including the steps of separating the hydrocarbon fractionsfrom related gaseous materials, condensing the hydrocarbons at approximately the temperature Of liquid nitrogen, increasing the temperature of the condensed hydrocarbons todistill vaporizable fractions, determining the temperature'at which each fraction distills, separately passing each fraction under pressure through a heating zone, and measuring the heat transmitting property of each of said vaporized fractions.

4. A method of analyzing a gas for traces of hydrocarbons including the steps of separating the hydrocarbon fractions from other gaseous materials, condensing the hydrocarbons in a freezing zone having a region of maximum coldbon fraction present in a given sample of material. The entire operation may be conducted in approximately two hours and the apparatus is accurate in measuring one part of hydrocarbon material in one hundred million parts of the sample material.

' It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. It is further obvious that various changes may be made in details within the scope of our claims without departing from the spirit of our invention. It is, therefore, to be understood that our invention is not to be limited to these specific details shown and described.

Having thus described our invention, we claim: 1. A method of gas analysis including the steps ness, gradually warming the freezing zone to progressively vaporize thehydrccarbon fractions, the lowest boiling fraction passing through the freezing zone when the region of maximum coldness warms sufiiciently to permit 'it to pass as a vapor and the higher boiling fractions recondensing, recording the temperature at which each fraction leaves the freezing zone, passing the vaporized fractions through a heating zone, and

determining the quantity of each such fraction by recording the heat absorbed by the said vaporized fractions. Y

5. A method of analyzing a gas for traces of hydrocarbons including the steps of separating the hydrocarbon fractions from other gaseous materials, condensing the hydrocarbons in a freezing zone having a region of maximum coldness, gradually warming the freezing zone to progressively vaporize the hydrocarbon fractions, the lowest boiling fraction passing through the freezing zone when the region of maximum coldness warms sufiiciently to permit it to pass as a vapor and the higher boiling fraction r'econd'ensing, recording the temperature at which each fraction leaves the freezing zone, separately passing each fraction under pressure through a heating zone, and determining the quantity of each such fraction by recording the heat absorbed by the said vaporized fractions.

6. A method of analyzing a gas for traces of hydrocarbons comprising separating the hydrocarbon fractions froin other gaseous materials,

step including tically in a helical path, the convolutions of the path having a relatively small lead and located in a freezing zone so that water vapor is frozen out, condensing the hydrocarbons at approximately the temperature of liquid nitrogen, increasing the temperature of the condensed hydrocarbons to distill vaporizable fractions, recording the temperature at which each fraction distills, passing the vaporized fractions through aheating zone, and recording the heat absorbed by the said vaporized fractions as an index of the quantity of the constituents passed through the zone.

7. A method of analyzing a gas for traces of hydrocarbons-comprising separating the hydrocarbon .fractions from other gaseous materials, said step including passing the mixed gases verpassing the mixed gases vertically in a helical path, the convolutions of the path having a relatively small lead and located in a freezing zone so that water vapor is frozen out, condensing the hydrocarbons at approximately the temperature of liquid nitrogen, increasing the temperature of the condensed hydrocarbons to distill vaporizable fractions, recording the temperature at which each fraction distills, separately passing each fraction under pressure through a heating zone, and recording the heat absorbed by the said vaporized fractions as an index of the quantity of the constituent passed through the zone.

8. A method of analyzing a gas for traces of hydrocarbons comprising separating the hydrocarbon fractions from other gaseous materials, said step including passing the mixed gases vertically in a helical path, the convolutions of the path having a relatively small lead and located in a freezing zone so that water vapor is frozen out, condensing the hydrocarbons in a freezing zone having a region of maximum coldness, gradually warming the freezing zone to progressively vaporize the hydrocarbon fractions, the lowest boiling fraction passing through the freezing zone when the region of maximum coldness warms sufiiciently to permit it to pass as a vapor and the higher boiling fractions recondensing, recording the temperature at which each fraction leaves the freezing zone, passing the vaporized fractions through a heating zone, and recording the heat absorbed by the said vaporized fractions to determine its quantity.

9. A method of analyzing a gas for traces of hydrocarbons comprising separating the hydrocarbon fractions from other gaseous materials, said. step including passing the mixed gases vertically in a helical path, the convolutions of the path having a relatively small lead and located in a freezing zone so that water vapor is frozen out, condensing the hydrocarbons in a freezing zone having a region of maximum coldness, gradually warming the freezing zone to progressively vaporize the hydrocarbon fractions, the lowest boiling fraction passing through the freezing zone when the region of maximum coldness warms -suificiently to permit it to pass as a vapor and the higher boiling fractions recondensing. recording the temperature at while each fraction leaves the freezing zone, separately passing each fraction under pressure through a heating zone, and recording the heat absorbed by each of said vaporized fractions to determine its quantity.

10. A device for analyzing gases comprising in combination a flask wherein a sample containing a gas is treated with selected reagents and sub- Jected to selected conditions of temperature and pressure to desorb the gases, a condenser com- 16 municating with the flask and wherein undesirable fractions are removed from the gases, a trap communicating with the condenser and adapted to contain a selected reagent which will partially purify the desorbed gases when passed therethrough, a freezing trap communicating with said first trap for collecting the partially purified gases, a'train of gas-wash traps communicating with the freezing trap for removing undesirable fractions from the gases, a fractionating trap communicating with the gas-wash traps in which the fractions of the gasespassing through the gas-wash traps are collected, condensed and al lowed to vaporize slowly in the order of their boiling points, a thermocouple to measure the temperature of the fractionating trap continuously as it warms up, a metering system communicating with the fractionating trap, a vacuum pump to vmaintain the metering system under reduced a pressure, said system including a gauge which consists of a tubular body, a filament mounted in the body exchanging heat with the gaseous fractions, said body having an orifice behind the filament through which the gaseous fractions continuously pass and which retards their flow enough to create sufficient pressure to cause a measurable amount of heat to be exchanged between the gas and the filament, an auxiliary vacuum pump connected in the system in advance of the gauge for building up a momentary pressure around the filament as each fraction through the body, and a modified Wheatsto'ne bridge circuit including a recording potentiometerhaving a rheostat and in which the filament is a part, the filament being connected with said rheostat whereby heat gains or losses of the filament will be indicated on the potentiometer.

11. A device for analyzing gases comprising in combination a flask wherein a sample containing 4 a gas is treated-with selected reagents and subjected to selected conditions of temperature and pressure to desorb the gases, a heating bath to maintain the flask at a selected temperature, a vacuum pump to maintain the flask at a selected pressure, a condenser communicating with the flask and wherein undesirable fractions are removed from the gases, means for circulating a heating or cooling medium through the condenser, a trap communicating with the condenser and 5 adapted to contain a selected reagent which will partially purify the desorbed gases when passed therethrough, a freezing trap communicating with said first trap for collecting the partially purlfled gases, a train of gas-wash traps communicating with the freezing trap for removing undesirable fractions from the gases, a fractionating trap communicating with the gas-wash traps in.

which the fractions of the gases passing through the gas-wash traps are collected, condensed and a allowed to vaporize slowly inthe order of their boiling points, a thermocouple to measure the temperature of the fractionating trap continuously as it warms up, a metering system communicating with the fractionatlng trap, a vacuum Q5 pump to maintain the metering system under reduced pressure, said system including a gauge which consists of a tubular body, a filament mounted in the body exchanging heat with the gaseousfractions, said body havingan orifice 7. behind the filament through which the gaseous fractions continuously pass and which retards ,their flow enough to create sufficient pressure to cause a measurable amount of heat to be exchanged between the gas and the filament, an auxiliary vacuum pump connected in the system in advance of the'gauge for building up a momentary pressure around the filament as each fraction passes throughthe body, and a modified Wheatstone bridge circuit including a recording potentiometer having a rheostat and in which the filament is a part, the filament being connected with the said rheostat whereby heat gains or losses of the filament will be indicated on the potentiometer.

12. An apparatus for making geochemical analyses comprising a container adapted to receive a termining its quantity by measuring quantitasubstance containing hydrocarbon fractions,

means for desorbing and collecting gases and vapors from the substance, means including a freezing trap for separating hydrocarbon fractions from other gases and vapors and for purifying said hydrocarbon'fractions, means for chilling the freezing trap so that the purified hydrocarbon vapors will collect therein, the arrangement being such that the temperature of the trap may be raised gradually to permit the hydrocarbon vapors to fractionally distill therefrom, means for recording the temperature at which each fraction distills from the trap, a discharge passage for conducting the hydrocarbon fractions away from the trap, a plug in the passage having an orifice of capillary dimensions, a heating element in the passage between the freezing trap and the plug, a pump for pumping each fraction under pressure about the heating element and through the orifice in the plug, and means for recording the heat absorbed from the heating element by the fractions.

13. The method of gas analysis which includes the step of separating the gas into several constituents differing from each other in boiling point, and passing each such constituent separately through a thermal transfer zone and detively the, heat transmitted thereby in said zone. 14. A method of analyzing the gases in a solid comprising the steps of desorbing ,the gas from the solid at an elevated temperature and under reduced pressure, collecting the desorbed gas, purifying the gas, separating the purified gas sample into its constituents in the order of their boiling points, passing each constituent separately through a thermal transfer zone, -and measuring the heat transmitting property of the constituents as an index of the quantity of the constituents passed through the said zone.

CECIL T. LANGFORD.

DAVID H. McKElLAR.

HERBERT T. DAVIDSON.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are oi record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,272,059 Lacy July 9, 1918 1,845,247 Davidson Feb. 16, 1932 2,039,889 De Baufre May 5, 1936 2,042,646 Willenborg June -2, 1936 2,212,681 Dunn Aug. 27, 1940 2,252,739 Stoever Aug. 19, 1941 2,287,101 Horvitz June 23, 1942 2,241,555 Krogh et al May 13, 1941 1,819,986 Brown Aug. 18, 1931 2,009,814 Podbielniak July 30, 1935 2,037,409 Duvander Apr. 14, 1936 2,117,139 Horvitz Oct. 24, 1939 2,170,435 Sweeney Aug. 22, 1939 2,241,555 Krogh, et a1 May 13, 1941 1,314,249

Crowell, Jr. Aug. 28, 1919 

